Study Guide

Objective

Student
- gets to know his own study group and the university of applied sciences as a working community.
- can tell about Turku University of Applied Sciences and degree programme as a learning environment.
- develops self-direction and independent study skills.
- identify factors that affect the ability to study.
- develop their networking skills.
- develop their professional identity.
- can give and receive feedback

Content

- cooperation skills and working in a group
- student union TUO
- information systems and independent information search necessary for studying
- time management planning, independent study
- special features of the education sector, OPS and HOPS
- student guidance model and support services
- professional opportunities, events and projects
- giving and receiving feedback

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students are familiar with the basics of human anatomy and physiology in such a way that they understand the normal functions of the human organism and the aetiology of physiological disturbances and through that, the physiological basis of clinical laboratory examinations.

Content

Cell, tissues, skin, nerve system, heart, blood circulation, endokrinology.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Opiskelija tietää valitsemansa erikoisalan monipuolisen kokonaisuuden.

Content

Oman osaamisen esittäminen viestinnän eri keinoin.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Opiskelija tietää valitsemansa erikoisalan monipuolisen kokonaisuuden.

Content

Oman osaamisen esittäminen viestinnän eri keinoin.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students know the specifics of the laboratory sector chosen.

Content

Oman osaamisen esittäminen viestinnän eri keinoin.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Objectives
Specimen collection and POC testing (4,0 cr) : The student can collect clinical specimens and knows the appropriate equipment for specimen collection. The student knows the right procedure for specimen handling and storing. Students are familiar with high quality and safe methods of collecting and handling of different clinical specimens. Students know methods of point of care testing and know how to examine a urine sample. The student is aware of the significance of pre-analytic factors to the reliability of the specimen.
Clinical physiology (1,0 cr): Student is able to independently carry out technically high quality ECG registrations.

Content

Students work in laboratory rehearsing collection of clinical specimens, POC testing and ECG registrations following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Materials

Material in e-learning base

Teaching methods

Contact learning
Learning by doing
Independent learnig

International connections

Supervised practice in the learning laboratories

Content scheduling

Specimen collection and POC testing (3,0 cr) :
- blood collecting procedure and products
- finger puncture, POC Testing; glucose and Hb
- venous blood drawing with vacuum and butterfly needle
- urine dipstick test
- blood sample handling and processing
- cap

Further information

All labs are obligatory.
In labs students act as patients to peer students

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Objectives
Specimen collection and POC testing (4,0 cr) : The student can collect clinical specimens and knows the appropriate equipment for specimen collection. The student knows the right procedure for specimen handling and storing. Students are familiar with high quality and safe methods of collecting and handling of different clinical specimens. Students know methods of point of care testing and know how to examine a urine sample. The student is aware of the significance of pre-analytic factors to the reliability of the specimen.
Clinical physiology (1,0 cr): Student is able to independently carry out technically high quality ECG registrations.

Content

Students work in laboratory rehearsing collection of clinical specimens, POC testing and ECG registrations following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Materials

Material in e-learning base

Teaching methods

Contact learning
Learning by doing
Independent learning

Content scheduling

Specimen collection and POC testing (3,0 cr) :
- blood collecting procedure and products
- finger puncture, POC Testing; glucose and Hb
- venous blood drawing with vacuum and butterfly needle
- urine dipstick test
- blood sample handling and processing
- cap
- gynegological samples

Further information

All labs are obligatory.
In labs students act as patients to peer students

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Specimen collection and POC testing (2,0 cr): The student can collect various clinical specimens. Students learn to work in a client-centred way.
Clinical chemistry I (2,0 cr): Students are able to use and maintain laboratory equipments. The student knows how to handle chemicals and prepare a reagent. The student can determine the concentration of the analyte with a spectrophotometer.
Clinical physiology (1,0 cr): Students are able to independently carry out technically high quality ECG registrations and can carry out independently and flawlessly PEF examinations. Students know how to work ergonomically and in a patient-safe manner.
Clinical microbiology (2,0 cr): Students know how to obtain a high quality specimen, rehearse the use of microbe cultivation and identification methods and train their skills in interpreting the results. Students know how to work abiding by the occupational health instructions of the microbiology laboratory.
Clinical haematology (3,0 cr): Students can independently prepare a technically high quality blood film and know mature, healthy blood cells. Students know how to work with microscopes independently.

Content

Students work in laboratory, rehearse specimen collection and interpersonal and communication skills when encountering a patient. Students work in clinical chemistry, microbiological, physiological and hematology laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Specimen collection and POC testing (2,0 cr): The student can collect various clinical specimens. Students learn to work in a client-centred way.
Clinical chemistry I (2,0 cr): Students are able to use and maintain laboratory equipments. The student knows how to handle chemicals and prepare a reagent. The student can determine the concentration of the analyte with a spectrophotometer.
Clinical physiology (1,0 cr): Students are able to independently carry out technically high quality ECG registrations and can carry out independently and flawlessly PEF examinations. Students know how to work ergonomically and in a patient-safe manner.
Clinical microbiology (2,0 cr): Students know how to obtain a high quality specimen, rehearse the use of microbe cultivation and identification methods and train their skills in interpreting the results. Students know how to work abiding by the occupational health instructions of the microbiology laboratory.
Clinical haematology (3,0 cr): Students can independently prepare a technically high quality blood film and know mature, healthy blood cells. Students know how to work with microscopes independently.

Content

Students work in laboratory, rehearse specimen collection and interpersonal and communication skills when encountering a patient. Students work in clinical chemistry, microbiological, physiological and hematology laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Clinical chemistry I (4,0 cr): Students are able to, under supervision, use the automated clinical chemistry analyzers applying their knowledge of the general principles of analysis, the function of the equipment and the concepts of clinical chemistry and immunochemistry. Students know how to carry out the daily basic maintenance of the equipment they use and the calibration and quality control according to the examination.
Clinical haematology (3,0 cr): Students can independently prepare a technically high quality blood film and know mature, healthy blood cells. Students know how to work with microscopes independently.
Molecular genetics (2,0 cr): The student gets acquainted with the working methods of molecular genetics and cleanroom work. The student practices precision pipetting work. The student is able to perform pipetting exercises independently.

Content

Students work in clinical chemistry, haematology and molecular genetic laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practice. Students rehearse the use of measuring devices in clinical haematology.

Content scheduling

GENERAL INFO:
Practices will be carried out in teaching laboratories under supervision. You work independently, in pairs or in small groups. We practice how to work in a clinical laboratory environment and apply what we have learned in theory. PARTICIPATION IN THE LABORATORY PRACTICES IS MANDATORY. Absences must always be reported to the teacher and a way to compensate for the absence must be agreed upon.


HEMATOLOGY I:
Blood cell production: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis. Function of the coagulation system: primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibronolytic system.
Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MGG staining, preparation and evaluation of peripheral blood smear and basic laboratory diagnostics to evaluate the function of the coagulation system.
Microscope image formation and the use of a microscope.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY I:
Applications of clinical chemistry methods that were objects of the earlier theoretical studies. Maintenance, calibration and operation of clinical analyzers will be practiced in the laboratory. Sample analysis and review of results are important parts of the curriculum.
Will get acquainted with different quality management documents such as instrument user manuals, assay work instructions and product descriptions given by the device manufacturer. Will practice following instructions and develop careful, responsible and systematic working skills in a highly regulated and standardized environment.


MOLECULAR GENETICS:
content will determine in the fall 2023

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Clinical chemistry I (4,0 cr): Students are able to, under supervision, use the automated clinical chemistry analyzers applying their knowledge of the general principles of analysis, the function of the equipment and the concepts of clinical chemistry and immunochemistry. Students know how to carry out the daily basic maintenance of the equipment they use and the calibration and quality control according to the examination.
Clinical haematology (3,0 cr): Students can independently prepare a technically high quality blood film and know mature, healthy blood cells. Students know how to work with microscopes independently.
Molecular genetics (2,0 cr): The student gets acquainted with the working methods of molecular genetics and cleanroom work. The student practices precision pipetting work. The student is able to perform pipetting exercises independently.

Content

Students work in clinical chemistry, haematology and molecular genetic laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practice. Students rehearse the use of measuring devices in clinical haematology.

Content scheduling

GENERAL INFO:
Practices will be carried out in teaching laboratories under supervision. You work independently, in pairs or in small groups. We practice how to work in a clinical laboratory environment and apply what we have learned in theory. PARTICIPATION IN THE LABORATORY PRACTICES IS MANDATORY. Absences must always be reported to the teacher and a way to compensate for the absence must be agreed upon.


HEMATOLOGY I:
Blood cell production: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis. Function of the coagulation system: primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibronolytic system.
Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MGG staining, preparation and evaluation of peripheral blood smear and basic laboratory diagnostics to evaluate the function of the coagulation system.
Microscope image formation and the use of a microscope.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY I:
Applications of clinical chemistry methods that were objects of the earlier theoretical studies. Maintenance, calibration and operation of clinical analyzers will be practiced in the laboratory. Sample analysis and review of results are important parts of the curriculum.
Will get acquainted with different quality management documents such as instrument user manuals, assay work instructions and product descriptions given by the device manufacturer. Will practice following instructions and develop careful, responsible and systematic working skills in a highly regulated and standardized environment.


MOLECULAR GENETICS:
content will determine in the fall 2023

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Clinical chemistry II (5,0 cr): Students rehearse using automated analyzers in clinical chemistry and know how to apply their skills in the assessment of biochemical examination results, the errors dependent on the specimen and the reliable function of the analyzers. Students know how to work according to the quality manual and the instructions in place. Students can identify the phases of pre-analytics, analytics and post-analytics in clinical chemistry work.
Clinical haematology II (2,0 cr): Students know immature blood cells and can assess the alterations which are seen in the blood count in connection with blood diseases. Students can identify findings in an aberrant blood film.
Immunohaematology (2,0 cr): Students know how to use the equipment for blood transfusion serology examinations and can, under supervision, carry out basic examinations in blood transfusion serology. Students know how to independently get results for blood type determination analyses.
Pathology (3,0 cr): Students know the handling process of a histological specimen in the laboratory. Students master the tissue embedding technique, the tissue sectioning and the use of a microtome. Students are familiarised with immunohistochemical staining, they can identify the tissue components and know how to carry out histological and cytological staining and make a cytocentrifuge preparate. Students can tell apart benign cell changes from normal findings.

Content

Students work in clinical chemistry, clinical haematology and pathology laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Clinical chemistry II (5,0 cr): Students rehearse using automated analyzers in clinical chemistry and know how to apply their skills in the assessment of biochemical examination results, the errors dependent on the specimen and the reliable function of the analyzers. Students know how to work according to the quality manual and the instructions in place. Students can identify the phases of pre-analytics, analytics and post-analytics in clinical chemistry work.
Clinical haematology II (2,0 cr): Students know immature blood cells and can assess the alterations which are seen in the blood count in connection with blood diseases. Students can identify findings in an aberrant blood film.
Immunohaematology (2,0 cr): Students know how to use the equipment for blood transfusion serology examinations and can, under supervision, carry out basic examinations in blood transfusion serology. Students know how to independently get results for blood type determination analyses.
Pathology (3,0 cr): Students know the handling process of a histological specimen in the laboratory. Students master the tissue embedding technique, the tissue sectioning and the use of a microtome. Students are familiarised with immunohistochemical staining, they can identify the tissue components and know how to carry out histological and cytological staining and make a cytocentrifuge preparate. Students can tell apart benign cell changes from normal findings.

Content

Students work in clinical chemistry, clinical haematology and pathology laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The aim of the course is to activate and develop the students’ field-relevant English language and communication skills. The students will gain professional skills in various spoken and written communicative situations encountered in working life and society. In addition, they will learn to utilize tools and techniques to further develop their skills in authentic, field-specific contexts. More specifically, students will focus on developing their language and communication skills in.
Upon completing the course, the students should have acquired skills to communicate at level B2 according to European Framework of Reference for Languages, which states that at B2-level students should be able to produce clear, coherent and well-structured texts, present detailed descriptions related to one’s field of interest, express and exchange opinions using fluent language, follow complex arguments, and read longer articles and reports.

Content

- writing professional, field-specific texts
- presenting and discussing field-specific topics in a professional manner
- reading field-specific texts and utilizing the information in professional contexts
- learning and using key terminology of their field
- becoming professional, autonomous language users in working life

Materials

- Materials provided on itslearning

Teaching methods

The aim of this course is to activate and develop the students’ field-relevant English language and communication skills. The students gain professional skills in various spoken and written communicative situations encountered in working life and society. In addition, they learn to utilize tools and techniques to further develop their skills in authentic, field-specific contexts.


Upon completing the course, the students have acquired sufficient skills to communicate at level B2 of the European Framework of Reference for Languages, which states that at level B2, students should be able to produce clear, coherent, and well-structured texts, present detailed descriptions related to their field of interest, express and exchange opinions using fluent language, follow complex argumentation, and read longer articles and reports.

International connections

- Independent work
- Group work
- Flipped learning

Student workload

3cr = 81h

Content scheduling

- writing professional, field-specific texts
- Presenting and discussing field-specific topics in a professional manner
- reading field-specific texts and utilizing the information in professional contexts
- learning and using key terminology of the field
- becoming professional, autonomous language users in working life


PBIOS23A
25.04.2024 08.00 - 12.00 ICT_C3043
03.05.2024 12.00 - 16.00 ICT_C2046
13.05.2024 12.00 - 16.00 ICT_C2025
15.05.2024 10.00 - 12.00 ICT_C1042_Myy

PBIOS23B
26.04.2024 12.00 - 16.00 ICT_C2046
03.05.2024 08.00 - 12.00 ICT_C2025
14.05.2024 08.00 - 12.00 ICT_C3044
15.05.2024 10.00 - 12.00 ICT_C1042_Myy

Further information

Teams

Evaluation scale

H-5

Assessment methods and criteria

- Activity in contact lessons/ online sessions
- Assignments
- Exam

Assessment criteria, fail (0)

The student does not attend the classes, manage the given tasks, or drops out of the course.

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1-2)

- Handling the topic in English in various professional situations is limited and one-sided.
- The text inadequately addresses the task and needs to progress more logically. The text contains some difficult-to-understand parts.
- The language is satisfactory, including some structures and basic vocabulary, but some things could be improved.
- The student can speak moderately about key topics in their field, but the speech can be challenging to follow. There may be significant areas for improvement in coherence and interaction.
- The language is relatively simple and hesitant. However, the student can still convey the message, even though errors in structure and pronunciation sometimes hinder understanding.
- The course tasks have been completed.

Assessment criteria, good (3-4)

- The language is structurally clear and logical.
- Both oral and written output are fluent and clear. Structures and professional vocabulary are well-mastered, although some errors may occur.
- The student understands English-language materials in their field.
- The speech is logical and coherent. Interaction and response are mostly smooth and clear.
- The treatment of the topic aligns with the task and is suitable for various professional situations.
- The text progresses moderately logically, although there may be stylistic errors. Errors may occur in more demanding structures and expressions.
- The student can speak well on various topics in their field. The speech is easy to follow. The language is fluent, although some pauses and pronunciation errors may occur.
- There are no deficiencies in the course performance, and the tasks are well done.

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

- The treatment of the topic in English is versatile and skillful, fully meeting the requirements in various professional situations.
- The text is structurally clear and logical, with smooth transitions. The student can convey the message naturally with appropriate style.
- The language is highly fluent and diverse, featuring varied structures and an extensive professional vocabulary. Occasional errors may occur in more complex structures and expressions.
- The student excels in speaking on various topics in their field. The speech is purposeful, highly consistent, precise, and logical. - Transitions between topics are very smooth.
- Interaction is highly skilled, and nonverbal communication effectively supports speech.
- The language (speech, pronunciation, and intonation) is fluent, clear, precise, and at a normal pace.
- The course performance demonstrates enthusiasm, and the tasks are executed excellently.

Objective

Opiskelija osaa edistää turvallista toimintakulttuuria erilaissa toimintaympäristöissä.

Content

Ensiaputarpeen tunnistaminen ja potilaan voinnissa tapahtuneisiin muutoksiin vastaaminen.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student understands the steps of hematopoiesis, knows the basic laboratory tests to determine the function of hematopoiesis and is able to identify mature blood cells by morphology. Student knows the basics of microscopy as well as principles of hematological laboratory diagnostics, quality methods and management.

Content

Blood cell production: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis.

Function of the coagulation system: primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibronolytic system.

Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MGG staining, preparation and evaluation of peripheral blood smear and basic laboratory diagnostics to evaluate the function of the coagulation system.

Microscope image formation and the use of a microscope.

Content scheduling

Student understands the steps of hematopoiesis, knows the basic laboratory tests to determine the function of hematopoiesis and is able to identify mature blood cells by morphology. Student knows the basics of microscopy as well as principles of hematological laboratory diagnostics, quality methods and management.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student understands the steps of hematopoiesis, knows the basic laboratory tests to determine the function of hematopoiesis and is able to identify mature blood cells by morphology. Student knows the basics of microscopy as well as principles of hematological laboratory diagnostics, quality methods and management.

Content

Blood cell production: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis.

Function of the coagulation system: primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibronolytic system.

Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MGG staining, preparation and evaluation of peripheral blood smear and basic laboratory diagnostics to evaluate the function of the coagulation system.

Microscope image formation and the use of a microscope.

Content scheduling

Student understands the steps of hematopoiesis, knows the basic laboratory tests to determine the function of hematopoiesis and is able to identify mature blood cells by morphology. Student knows the basics of microscopy as well as principles of hematological laboratory diagnostics, quality methods and management.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student is familiar with the most common types of blood diseases and understands the effect of the disease on bone marrow function, blood cell production, volume and morphology. Student is able to recognize changes in cell morphology related to different blood diseases.

Content

Anemias, acute and chronic myeloid and lymfoid leukemias in addition with other myeloproliferative and lymfoproliferative diseases. Quality controls concerning blood smear and cell morfology. Bone marrow puncture and the preparation of a bone marrow smear.

Content scheduling

The student knows the most common blood diseases and knows the effect of blood diseases on bone marrow function and blood cell production, number and morphology. The student is able to identify changes in cell morphology related to blood diseases.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Immunology (1,0 op): The student knows the functioning of the body's immune system and its components, as well as the most common deficiencies and disorders of the immune system.
Immunohematologia (2,0 op): The student knows the most important blood group systems and the principles of laboratory tests to ensure safe blood transfusions. The student knows the preconditions for safe blood donation. The student knows the blood products used in transfusions.

Content

Immunology:
- the immune system
- natural and acquired immunity
- defense response

Immunohematology:
- ABO-, Rh- and other blood types
- Clinically relevant blood group antibodies
- blood transfusion researches
- Legislation governing blood transfusions
- Blood donation and conditions for blood donation

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students know the principles of ECG and spirometry tests, the correct use of instruments and implements and the patient instructions for the preparation of patient examinations. Students can identify the most common findings in patient examinations and are aware of the ethical viewpoints connected with patient examinations.

Content

ECG and spirometry tests

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students are familiar with the principles of chemical analysis methods and their use in clinical chemistry. Students know the measures of quality management in clinical chemistry and know the principles of using automated analyzers, and the phases of validating the analysis results. Students know the physiological background of examinations in clinical chemistry, their clinical significance and indications for examinations and know how to use their knowledge in clinical biochemistry analyses.

Content

- Basic concepts in clinical chemistry
- Common analytes: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipoproteins, electrolytes and blood gases. Kidney function, liver and cardiovascular disease.
- Principles of laboratory analyses and analytical techniques in clinical chemistry
- Automated analyzers, usage and maintenance
- Handling of specimens for analysis, chemicals and reagents, safety in clinical chemistry laboratory

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student is able to work safely, ergonomically and take into account the safety of the work community and the environment in clinical laboratory work. The student knows how to name the most common measuring instruments and knows their purposes. The student masters the reliable use of an air piston pipette and a scale. The student knows how to handle chemicals safely. The student knows the structure, operating principle and key concepts of a spectrophotometer. The student can determine the concentration of the analyte by spectrophotometric endpoint measurement.

Content

- Use of glass measuring instruments
- Reliable use of the air piston pipette and different pipetting methods
- Reliable use of analysis and precision scales
- Laboratory water
- Chemical safety and reagent preparation
- Spectrophotometer structure, operating principle and key concepts
- Conversion of absorbance to concentration

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Students are familiar with the principles of immunochemical analysis methods and their use in clinical chemistry. Students know the physiological background of examinations in clinical chemistry, their clinical significance and indications for examinations and know how to use their knowledge in clinical chemistry analyses. Students know the measures of quality management in biochemistry and know the principles of using automation, and the phases of validating the analysis results. Students know how to apply the principles of evidence-based laboratory medicine in routine practice.

Content

- Principles of immunochemical techniques
- Common analytes: hormones, therapeutic drugs, clinical toxicology, vitamins and tumor markers
- Newborn screening, inborn errors of metabolism
- Reference values, preanalytical variables and biological variability
- Quality management in clinical chemistry laboratory

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students are able to, under supervision, to carry out analyses in clinical biochemistry, clinical haematology, histology and cytology and clinical microbiology and patient examinations in clinical physiology and neurophysiology. Students know how to apply the laboratory quality management method applications in their work. Students can independently carry out specimen collection and serve internal and external clients of the laboratory. Students are able to carry out POC testing under supervision. They are capable of critical self-evaluation and recognize the phases of their own professional growth. Students rehearse the basics and methods of health care and clinical laboratory work.

Content

Student practice in different clinical laboratories in the hospitals.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student knows
- how to promote a safe operating culture in various operating environments.
- basic information about the most common viruses and knows virus diagnostics.
- basics of pharyngeal sampling for the detection of the most common pharyngeal pathogens and knows the correct procedures for taking a pharyngeal sample.

Content

- Prevention of infections
- Identification and reporting of security risks
- Viruses as pathogens, virus sampling and virus diagnostics
- Pharyngeal pathogens and pharyngeal sampling

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student knows basic information about the most common pathogenic microbes (bacteria, fungi, parasites), knows microbiological identification methods and knows microbiological equipment. The student knows the basics of sampling for identifying microbes.

Content

Bacteria, fungi and parasites as pathogens, collecting microbiological samples, occupational safety and aseptic working.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The students know about prevention of infections in Finland and laws that control the operation of clinical microbiology laboratory. The students are able to do and interpret the most common microbial identification tests in the clinical bacteriology laboratory. The students know the most common virus identification tests.

Content

Notification and registration of infectious diseases. Licensed action of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Basics of specimen collection for identifying clinically important bacteria and viruses.

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

- Students are aware of the principles of health care ethics and are committed to behave in accordance with them.
- Students can describe phases of clinical laboratory process.
- Students know how to collect and handle different clinical specimens in careful and safe manner and plan, implement and critically evaluate the specimen collection situations
- Students can describe the principles of patient safety. Students are able to answer for the safety and well-being of the client during the specimen collection.
- Students are aware of the impact of pre-analytical factors on the results of laboratory examinations when guiding clients for specimen collection, when collecting specimen and carrying out POC tests.
- Students are familiar with multi-cultural issues in the client work of social services and health care.
- Students know how to act in line with the principles of good service in client work and in collaboration with other professional groups.
- Students are aware of the quality management procedures of the laboratory and know ways of implementing quality management in clinical laboratory work.
- Students can justify their own work based on evidenced practice

Content

- biomedical laboratory scientist’s professional ethics and ethical principles
- clinical laboratory process and patient in clinical laboratory
- phlebotomy equipments and clinical specimen materials
- Patient’s rights and responsibilities and good patient care
- Patient’s safety; patient and specimen indentification, laboratory information systems and confidentiality agreement
- preanalytical factors and patient guidance to laboratory tests
- operating principle and use of the centrifuge
- safety and quality aspects while collecting and handling the specimen
- patient, phlebotomist and environmental safety factors throughout the laboratory process
- venipuncture and finger stick
- POCtesting and quality management
- aseptics
- ergonomy
- waste management
- how to deal with an anxious patient in laboratory
- evidence based practice throughout the clinical laboratory process

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students are aware of the impact of pre-analytical factors on the results of laboratory examinations when guiding clients for specimen collection, when collecting specimen and carrying out POC tests. Students know how to collect and handle different clinical specimen carefully and safely and know the proper measures for their storage and transport. Students are able to answer for the safety and well-being of the client during the specimen collection. Students are familiar with multi-cultural issues in the client work of social services and health care. They know how to act according to the guidelines, values and ethical principles of clinical laboratory work, and are able to make decisions which are ethically sound. Students know how to act in line with the principles of good service in client work and in collaboration with other professional groups. They are aware of the quality management procedures of the laboratory. Students deepen their knowledge of specimen collection and are aware of the possibility of point of care testing in clinical laboratory work. Students are familiar with the basic concepts of quality management in clinical laboratory work and know ways of implementing quality management in clinical laboratory work.

Student is familiar with the quality methods and standards that guide clinical laboratory operations and also knows the basics of laboratory's auditing and accreditation procedures. Student is able to maintain practical measures of quality assurance and is familiar of biomedical laboratory scientist’s role as part of it. Student is able to evaluate the factors affecting the reliability of the results at different stages of the laboratory work.

Content

- procedures of specimen collection from children
- procedures of specimen collection in isolation
- gynecological tests
- multi-cultural issues in the client work
- the most common laboratory tests
- test results and reference values
- POC testing
- internal and external quality control
- patient data programs in laboratory and confidentiality in health care
- urine test
- evidence based practices in clinical laboratory prosess

Quality management concepts: internal quality control, external quality assessment, quality control, quality assurance, accreditation, certification, validation, acceptance criteria, alert thresholds.

Materials

Listed in Itslearning

Completion alternatives

-

Student workload

5,0 credits, 133h
1 ECTS equals 27 h student's work.

contact teaching 26 h
pair and team work 20 h
independent learning/e-learning tasks 87h

Content scheduling

Content
- procedures of specimen collection from children
- procedures of specimen collection in isolation
- gynecological tests
- multi-cultural issues in the client work
- the most common laboratory tests
- test results and reference values
- POC testing
- internal and external quality control
- patient data programs in laboratory and confidentiality in health care
- urine test
- evidence based practices in clinical laboratory prosess

Quality management concepts: internal quality control, external quality assessment, quality control, quality assurance, accreditation, certification, validation, acceptance criteria, alert thresholds.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students know the most common special examinations in physiology. Students have basic knowledge of the most common clinical physiology examinations, are familiar with the standardization involved and know the quality management procedures. Students know how to interpret the ECG and spirometry results.

Content

Special examinations in physiology

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student understands the importance of evidence-based activities and is able to utilize national and international sources of information. The student is able to interpret research using statistical methods.

The student is able to take sustainable development into account in his / her work and activities.

Content

- information retrieval
- source criticism
- source references
- presentation and number of statistics
- reading a scientific article

Ecological, economic, social and cultural aspects of sustainable development in clinical laboratory work and in our own activities.

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

The student can apply the basic skills of mathematics and chemistry in clinical laboratory work.

Content

Basic math and chemistry skills in the most common situations of clinical laboratory work.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student understands the principles of the most important molecular biology methods as well as the basics and the most important applications of recombinant DNA technology and knows the importance of the applications in health promotion and the cause of diseases.

Student knows the basic concepts of genetics and is familiar with genetics research methods in clinical applications of genetics. The student knows the expression of DNA and RNA differences, the formation of chromosomes and genetic inheritance as well as the most common types of mutations.

Content

- Recombinant DNA technology
- Isolation of DNA and RNA and factors affecting its isolation
- Hereditary distress factors and underlying factors
- The main methods of gene and chromosome research
- VNTR analysis, deletion, insertion, point mutation (SNP), duplication, chromosome studies, G-lanes, FISH technique, cell culture
- Cancer genetics and research methods

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students know the most common special examinations in physiology. Students have basic knowledge of the most common clinical physiology examinations, are familiar with the standardization involved and know the quality management procedures. Students know how to interpret the ECG and spirometry results.
Theory and quality management of the commonly used neurophysiology techniques; Electroencephalography (EEG), Nerve conduction study (ENEG), evoked potentials i.e. Visual Evoked Potential (VEP), Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and Sensory Evoked Potential (SEP) and nocturnal polygraphy recordings.

Content

Quality management of the commonly used neurophysiology techniques, Electroencephalography (EEG), Nerve conduction study (ENEG), evoked potentials i.e. Visual Evoked Potential (VEP), Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and Sensory Evoked Potential (SEP) and nocturnal polygraphy recordings.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student can independently carry out the specimen collection for different clinical specimens taking into account the requirements of pre-analytics and occupational safety. Student is able to answer for the safety and well-being of the client during the specimen collection. Student knows how to guide clients and take into account in their guidance the impact of pre-analytical factors on the results of the laboratory examinations. Student knows how to serve clients from other cultures. Student knows how to apply the principles of good service in customer work and in the collaboration with other professional groups.
 

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Student can report on the Bachelor’s thesis flawlessly both orally and in writing.
Student can critically oppose a peer student’s thesis
Student is able to give an oral presentation
Students is able to write a matural test concerning thesis subject and pass the matural test

Content

- The report seminar of the Thesis
- Oppose a peer student
- Oral presentation
- Matural test

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students can draft a viable plan for their Bachelor’s thesis in cooperation with the commissioner.

Content

- writing the thesis plan
- presenting the thesis plan in seminar
- provide constructive feedback to peers (opponent)

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student understands and knows basic terms related to pathology and cancer, as well as the background mechanisms of cancer. The Student knows the procedures and is able to produce high -quality histological tissue samples. The Student also knows the proper procedures to take high-quality smear and is able to identify normal cells and findings of gynecological smear.

Content

Lectures, independent tasks, labs and student presentations.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students rehearse the basics and methods of health care and clinical laboratory work.

Content

This course unit is selected from the following parts:
- Clinical Biochemistry, automated analyzers 1-3 cr
- Blood Sampling and POC-testing 1st/2nd term 1-3 cr
- Clinical hematology 3rd/4rd term 2 cr
- Immunohematology 3rd term 2 cr
- Clinical Fysiology ECG, 1st/2nd term 1 cr
- Clinical Microbiology 2nd term 2 cr
- Clinical Pathology 4th term 2 cr
- Molecular Genetics 3rd term 2 cr
- Working in Clinical Laboratory 1, very basic studies 1 cr
- Project Work, presentation 1 cr
- Introduction to Biomedical Laboratory Scientist's Profession in Hospital Laboratory 1 cr

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

In the Project studies students can trace the entirety of the laboratory operations process. Students know how to apply the principles of entrepreneurship and sustainable development to the planning, implementation, assessment and development of the clinic practice, and also their own activities. Students know how to act independently, responsible, in a client-centred manner and as members of a team in the clinic practice tasks.

Content

Working in TUAS Lab under teachers’ supervising. Implementing projects in student teams in cooperation with different partners. Student teams (also multiprofessional) are responsible of planning, implementing and evaluating the projects. The active self-reflection of the acquired learning experiences enables the student to become a practitioner in biomedical laboratory science.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

In the Project studies students can trace the entirety of the laboratory operations process. Students know how to apply the principles of entrepreneurship and sustainable development to the planning, implementation, assessment and development of the clinic practice, and also their own activities. Students know how to act independently, responsible, in a client-centred manner and as members of a team in the clinic practice tasks.

Content

Working in TUAS Lab under teachers’ supervising. Implementing projects in student teams in cooperation with different partners. Student teams (also multiprofessional) are responsible of planning, implementing and evaluating the projects. The active self-reflection of the acquired learning experiences enables the student to become a practitioner in biomedical laboratory science.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

In the Project studies students can trace the entirety of the laboratory operations process. Students know how to apply the principles of entrepreneurship and sustainable development to the planning, implementation, assessment and development of the clinic practice, and also their own activities. Students know how to act independently, responsible, in a client-centred manner and as members of a team in the clinic practice tasks.

Content

Working in TUAS Lab under teachers’ supervising. Implementing projects in student teams in cooperation with different partners. Student teams (also multiprofessional) are responsible of planning, implementing and evaluating the projects. The active self-reflection of the acquired learning experiences enables the student to become a practitioner in biomedical laboratory science.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student understand the basics of cell and molecular biology and the most important cell biology events. The student knows the conformation and function of cells, cell organs, cell division and intercellular communication, enzymes and energy metabolism, and protein synthesis. The student knows the biochemical reactions of the body that underlie clinical laboratory tests.

Content

- conformation of the animal cell, the plant cell and the bacterium
- cellular organelles and their functions
- transport of proteins
- macromolecules and genetic material

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student is able to act in a purposeful way in communicating and interacting in working life situations. He/she is able to take into consideration the receiver, the situation and the demands of the field and to communicate in an analytical, understandable and convincing manner.
The student is able and willing to develop his/her skills in the Finnish language and communication as part of his/her professional competence.

Content

Students know how to
-interpret the professional texts in their own field as part of information literacy skills and use their skills in new, different situations (for instance, text analysis and summary)
-write factual, consistent and understandable texts (for instance, small scale studies, reports, essays, professional presentations using source material) and to give references to sources according to given instructions (the basics of research communication)
-use up-to-date tools as support for their own linguistic ability in proof-reading (central contents in correcting language and text)
-act in a professional way in the verbal communication situations in working life, and to prepare for diverse speaking situations in a purposeful way (i.e. with the help of situation analysis and analysis plan)
-express themselves clearly using visual aids and by using language appropriate to the situation
-assess their own communication skills (the language and structure of spoken and written language, factors affecting readability and understandability, the effectiveness of the message)and to give and receive constructive criticism

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student can communicate orally in different work-life situations.

Content

The student
- can describe the content and structure of his/her studies, training and work experience
- can describe his/her working environment and operations of a company, products and processes
- can communicate in various business life situations appropriately
- is able to use appropriate vocabulary and phrases when presenting tasks of his/her own field

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student can communicate in writing in different work-life situations.

Content

The student
- can describe the content and structure of his/her studies, training and work experience
- can describe his/her working environment and operations of a company, products and processes
- can communicate in various business life situations appropriately
- is able to use appropriate vocabulary and phrases when presenting tasks of his/her own field

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The aim of the course is to activate and develop the students’ field-relevant English language and communication skills. The students will gain professional skills in various spoken and written communicative situations encountered in working life and society. In addition, they will learn to utilize tools and techniques to further develop their skills in authentic, field-specific contexts. More specifically, students will focus on developing their language and communication skills in.
Upon completing the course, the students should have acquired skills to communicate at level B2 according to European Framework of Reference for Languages, which states that at B2-level students should be able to produce clear, coherent and well-structured texts, present detailed descriptions related to one’s field of interest, express and exchange opinions using fluent language, follow complex arguments, and read longer articles and reports.

Content

- writing professional, field-specific texts
- presenting and discussing field-specific topics in a professional manner
- reading field-specific texts and utilizing the information in professional contexts
- learning and using key terminology of their field
- becoming professional, autonomous language users in working life

Materials

- Materials provided on itslearning

Teaching methods

The aim of this course is to activate and develop the students’ field-relevant English language and communication skills. The students gain professional skills in various spoken and written communicative situations encountered in working life and society. In addition, they learn to utilize tools and techniques to further develop their skills in authentic, field-specific contexts.


Upon completing the course, the students have acquired sufficient skills to communicate at level B2 of the European Framework of Reference for Languages, which states that at level B2, students should be able to produce clear, coherent, and well-structured texts, present detailed descriptions related to their field of interest, express and exchange opinions using fluent language, follow complex argumentation, and read longer articles and reports.

International connections

- Independent work
- Group work
- Flipped learning

Student workload

3cr = 81h

Content scheduling

- writing professional, field-specific texts
- Presenting and discussing field-specific topics in a professional manner
- reading field-specific texts and utilizing the information in professional contexts
- learning and using key terminology of the field
- becoming professional, autonomous language users in working life


PBIOS23A
25.04.2024 08.00 - 12.00 ICT_C3043
03.05.2024 12.00 - 16.00 ICT_C2046
13.05.2024 12.00 - 16.00 ICT_C2025
15.05.2024 10.00 - 12.00 ICT_C1042_Myy

PBIOS23B
26.04.2024 12.00 - 16.00 ICT_C2046
03.05.2024 08.00 - 12.00 ICT_C2025
14.05.2024 08.00 - 12.00 ICT_C3044
15.05.2024 10.00 - 12.00 ICT_C1042_Myy

Further information

Teams

Evaluation scale

H-5

Assessment methods and criteria

- Activity in contact lessons/ online sessions
- Assignments
- Exam

Assessment criteria, fail (0)

The student does not attend the classes, manage the given tasks, or drops out of the course.

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1-2)

- Handling the topic in English in various professional situations is limited and one-sided.
- The text inadequately addresses the task and needs to progress more logically. The text contains some difficult-to-understand parts.
- The language is satisfactory, including some structures and basic vocabulary, but some things could be improved.
- The student can speak moderately about key topics in their field, but the speech can be challenging to follow. There may be significant areas for improvement in coherence and interaction.
- The language is relatively simple and hesitant. However, the student can still convey the message, even though errors in structure and pronunciation sometimes hinder understanding.
- The course tasks have been completed.

Assessment criteria, good (3-4)

- The language is structurally clear and logical.
- Both oral and written output are fluent and clear. Structures and professional vocabulary are well-mastered, although some errors may occur.
- The student understands English-language materials in their field.
- The speech is logical and coherent. Interaction and response are mostly smooth and clear.
- The treatment of the topic aligns with the task and is suitable for various professional situations.
- The text progresses moderately logically, although there may be stylistic errors. Errors may occur in more demanding structures and expressions.
- The student can speak well on various topics in their field. The speech is easy to follow. The language is fluent, although some pauses and pronunciation errors may occur.
- There are no deficiencies in the course performance, and the tasks are well done.

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

- The treatment of the topic in English is versatile and skillful, fully meeting the requirements in various professional situations.
- The text is structurally clear and logical, with smooth transitions. The student can convey the message naturally with appropriate style.
- The language is highly fluent and diverse, featuring varied structures and an extensive professional vocabulary. Occasional errors may occur in more complex structures and expressions.
- The student excels in speaking on various topics in their field. The speech is purposeful, highly consistent, precise, and logical. - Transitions between topics are very smooth.
- Interaction is highly skilled, and nonverbal communication effectively supports speech.
- The language (speech, pronunciation, and intonation) is fluent, clear, precise, and at a normal pace.
- The course performance demonstrates enthusiasm, and the tasks are executed excellently.

Objective

Student understand the basics of cell and molecular biology and the most important cell biology events. The student knows the conformation and function of cells, cell organs, cell division and intercellular communication, enzymes and energy metabolism, and protein synthesis. The student knows the biochemical reactions of the body that underlie clinical laboratory tests.

Content

- conformation of the animal cell, the plant cell and the bacterium
- cellular organelles and their functions
- transport of proteins
- macromolecules and genetic material

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student knows basic information about the most common pathogenic microbes (bacteria, fungi, parasites), knows microbiological identification methods and knows microbiological equipment. The student knows the basics of sampling for identifying microbes.

Content

Bacteria, fungi and parasites as pathogens, collecting microbiological samples, occupational safety and aseptic working.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Immunology (1,0 op): The student knows the functioning of the body's immune system and its components, as well as the most common deficiencies and disorders of the immune system.
Immunohematologia (2,0 op): The student knows the most important blood group systems and the principles of laboratory tests to ensure safe blood transfusions. The student knows the preconditions for safe blood donation. The student knows the blood products used in transfusions.

Content

Immunology:
- the immune system
- natural and acquired immunity
- defense response

Immunohematology:
- ABO-, Rh- and other blood types
- Clinically relevant blood group antibodies
- blood transfusion researches
- Legislation governing blood transfusions
- Blood donation and conditions for blood donation

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student is familiar with the most common types of blood diseases and understands the effect of the disease on bone marrow function, blood cell production, volume and morphology. Student is able to recognize changes in cell morphology related to different blood diseases.

Content

Anemias, acute and chronic myeloid and lymfoid leukemias in addition with other myeloproliferative and lymfoproliferative diseases. Quality controls concerning blood smear and cell morfology. Bone marrow puncture and the preparation of a bone marrow smear.

Content scheduling

The student knows the most common blood diseases and knows the effect of blood diseases on bone marrow function and blood cell production, number and morphology. The student is able to identify changes in cell morphology related to blood diseases.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students are aware of the impact of pre-analytical factors on the results of laboratory examinations when guiding clients for specimen collection, when collecting specimen and carrying out POC tests. Students know how to collect and handle different clinical specimen carefully and safely and know the proper measures for their storage and transport. Students are able to answer for the safety and well-being of the client during the specimen collection. Students are familiar with multi-cultural issues in the client work of social services and health care. They know how to act according to the guidelines, values and ethical principles of clinical laboratory work, and are able to make decisions which are ethically sound. Students know how to act in line with the principles of good service in client work and in collaboration with other professional groups. They are aware of the quality management procedures of the laboratory. Students deepen their knowledge of specimen collection and are aware of the possibility of point of care testing in clinical laboratory work. Students are familiar with the basic concepts of quality management in clinical laboratory work and know ways of implementing quality management in clinical laboratory work.

Student is familiar with the quality methods and standards that guide clinical laboratory operations and also knows the basics of laboratory's auditing and accreditation procedures. Student is able to maintain practical measures of quality assurance and is familiar of biomedical laboratory scientist’s role as part of it. Student is able to evaluate the factors affecting the reliability of the results at different stages of the laboratory work.

Content

- procedures of specimen collection from children
- procedures of specimen collection in isolation
- gynecological tests
- multi-cultural issues in the client work
- the most common laboratory tests
- test results and reference values
- POC testing
- internal and external quality control
- patient data programs in laboratory and confidentiality in health care
- urine test
- evidence based practices in clinical laboratory prosess

Quality management concepts: internal quality control, external quality assessment, quality control, quality assurance, accreditation, certification, validation, acceptance criteria, alert thresholds.

Materials

Listed in Itslearning

Completion alternatives

-

Student workload

5,0 credits, 133h
1 ECTS equals 27 h student's work.

contact teaching 26 h
pair and team work 20 h
independent learning/e-learning tasks 87h

Content scheduling

Content
- procedures of specimen collection from children
- procedures of specimen collection in isolation
- gynecological tests
- multi-cultural issues in the client work
- the most common laboratory tests
- test results and reference values
- POC testing
- internal and external quality control
- patient data programs in laboratory and confidentiality in health care
- urine test
- evidence based practices in clinical laboratory prosess

Quality management concepts: internal quality control, external quality assessment, quality control, quality assurance, accreditation, certification, validation, acceptance criteria, alert thresholds.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student understands the steps of hematopoiesis, knows the basic laboratory tests to determine the function of hematopoiesis and is able to identify mature blood cells by morphology. Student knows the basics of microscopy as well as principles of hematological laboratory diagnostics, quality methods and management.

Content

Blood cell production: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis.

Function of the coagulation system: primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibronolytic system.

Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MGG staining, preparation and evaluation of peripheral blood smear and basic laboratory diagnostics to evaluate the function of the coagulation system.

Microscope image formation and the use of a microscope.

Content scheduling

Student understands the steps of hematopoiesis, knows the basic laboratory tests to determine the function of hematopoiesis and is able to identify mature blood cells by morphology. Student knows the basics of microscopy as well as principles of hematological laboratory diagnostics, quality methods and management.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

In the Project studies students can trace the entirety of the laboratory operations process. Students know how to apply the principles of entrepreneurship and sustainable development to the planning, implementation, assessment and development of the clinic practice, and also their own activities. Students know how to act independently, responsible, in a client-centred manner and as members of a team in the clinic practice tasks.

Content

Working in TUAS Lab under teachers’ supervising. Implementing projects in student teams in cooperation with different partners. Student teams (also multiprofessional) are responsible of planning, implementing and evaluating the projects. The active self-reflection of the acquired learning experiences enables the student to become a practitioner in biomedical laboratory science.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Opiskelija tietää valitsemansa erikoisalan monipuolisen kokonaisuuden.

Content

Oman osaamisen esittäminen viestinnän eri keinoin.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students know the most common special examinations in physiology. Students have basic knowledge of the most common clinical physiology examinations, are familiar with the standardization involved and know the quality management procedures. Students know how to interpret the ECG and spirometry results.

Content

Special examinations in physiology

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students know the most common special examinations in physiology. Students have basic knowledge of the most common clinical physiology examinations, are familiar with the standardization involved and know the quality management procedures. Students know how to interpret the ECG and spirometry results.
Theory and quality management of the commonly used neurophysiology techniques; Electroencephalography (EEG), Nerve conduction study (ENEG), evoked potentials i.e. Visual Evoked Potential (VEP), Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and Sensory Evoked Potential (SEP) and nocturnal polygraphy recordings.

Content

Quality management of the commonly used neurophysiology techniques, Electroencephalography (EEG), Nerve conduction study (ENEG), evoked potentials i.e. Visual Evoked Potential (VEP), Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and Sensory Evoked Potential (SEP) and nocturnal polygraphy recordings.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The students know about prevention of infections in Finland and laws that control the operation of clinical microbiology laboratory. The students are able to do and interpret the most common microbial identification tests in the clinical bacteriology laboratory. The students know the most common virus identification tests.

Content

Notification and registration of infectious diseases. Licensed action of Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Basics of specimen collection for identifying clinically important bacteria and viruses.

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Students are familiar with the principles of immunochemical analysis methods and their use in clinical chemistry. Students know the physiological background of examinations in clinical chemistry, their clinical significance and indications for examinations and know how to use their knowledge in clinical chemistry analyses. Students know the measures of quality management in biochemistry and know the principles of using automation, and the phases of validating the analysis results. Students know how to apply the principles of evidence-based laboratory medicine in routine practice.

Content

- Principles of immunochemical techniques
- Common analytes: hormones, therapeutic drugs, clinical toxicology, vitamins and tumor markers
- Newborn screening, inborn errors of metabolism
- Reference values, preanalytical variables and biological variability
- Quality management in clinical chemistry laboratory

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student is able to work safely, ergonomically and take into account the safety of the work community and the environment in clinical laboratory work. The student knows how to name the most common measuring instruments and knows their purposes. The student masters the reliable use of an air piston pipette and a scale. The student knows how to handle chemicals safely. The student knows the structure, operating principle and key concepts of a spectrophotometer. The student can determine the concentration of the analyte by spectrophotometric endpoint measurement.

Content

- Use of glass measuring instruments
- Reliable use of the air piston pipette and different pipetting methods
- Reliable use of analysis and precision scales
- Laboratory water
- Chemical safety and reagent preparation
- Spectrophotometer structure, operating principle and key concepts
- Conversion of absorbance to concentration

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Specimen collection and POC testing (2,0 cr): The student can collect various clinical specimens. Students learn to work in a client-centred way.
Clinical chemistry I (2,0 cr): Students are able to use and maintain laboratory equipments. The student knows how to handle chemicals and prepare a reagent. The student can determine the concentration of the analyte with a spectrophotometer.
Clinical physiology (1,0 cr): Students are able to independently carry out technically high quality ECG registrations and can carry out independently and flawlessly PEF examinations. Students know how to work ergonomically and in a patient-safe manner.
Clinical microbiology (2,0 cr): Students know how to obtain a high quality specimen, rehearse the use of microbe cultivation and identification methods and train their skills in interpreting the results. Students know how to work abiding by the occupational health instructions of the microbiology laboratory.
Clinical haematology (3,0 cr): Students can independently prepare a technically high quality blood film and know mature, healthy blood cells. Students know how to work with microscopes independently.

Content

Students work in laboratory, rehearse specimen collection and interpersonal and communication skills when encountering a patient. Students work in clinical chemistry, microbiological, physiological and hematology laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Student can independently carry out the specimen collection for different clinical specimens taking into account the requirements of pre-analytics and occupational safety. Student is able to answer for the safety and well-being of the client during the specimen collection. Student knows how to guide clients and take into account in their guidance the impact of pre-analytical factors on the results of the laboratory examinations. Student knows how to serve clients from other cultures. Student knows how to apply the principles of good service in customer work and in the collaboration with other professional groups.
 

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Specimen collection and POC testing (2,0 cr): The student can collect various clinical specimens. Students learn to work in a client-centred way.
Clinical chemistry I (2,0 cr): Students are able to use and maintain laboratory equipments. The student knows how to handle chemicals and prepare a reagent. The student can determine the concentration of the analyte with a spectrophotometer.
Clinical physiology (1,0 cr): Students are able to independently carry out technically high quality ECG registrations and can carry out independently and flawlessly PEF examinations. Students know how to work ergonomically and in a patient-safe manner.
Clinical microbiology (2,0 cr): Students know how to obtain a high quality specimen, rehearse the use of microbe cultivation and identification methods and train their skills in interpreting the results. Students know how to work abiding by the occupational health instructions of the microbiology laboratory.
Clinical haematology (3,0 cr): Students can independently prepare a technically high quality blood film and know mature, healthy blood cells. Students know how to work with microscopes independently.

Content

Students work in laboratory, rehearse specimen collection and interpersonal and communication skills when encountering a patient. Students work in clinical chemistry, microbiological, physiological and hematology laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

In the Project studies students can trace the entirety of the laboratory operations process. Students know how to apply the principles of entrepreneurship and sustainable development to the planning, implementation, assessment and development of the clinic practice, and also their own activities. Students know how to act independently, responsible, in a client-centred manner and as members of a team in the clinic practice tasks.

Content

Working in TUAS Lab under teachers’ supervising. Implementing projects in student teams in cooperation with different partners. Student teams (also multiprofessional) are responsible of planning, implementing and evaluating the projects. The active self-reflection of the acquired learning experiences enables the student to become a practitioner in biomedical laboratory science.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students know the specifics of the laboratory sector chosen.

Content

Oman osaamisen esittäminen viestinnän eri keinoin.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Opiskelija tietää valitsemansa erikoisalan monipuolisen kokonaisuuden.

Content

Oman osaamisen esittäminen viestinnän eri keinoin.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student can communicate orally in different work-life situations.

Content

The student
- can describe the content and structure of his/her studies, training and work experience
- can describe his/her working environment and operations of a company, products and processes
- can communicate in various business life situations appropriately
- is able to use appropriate vocabulary and phrases when presenting tasks of his/her own field

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student can communicate in writing in different work-life situations.

Content

The student
- can describe the content and structure of his/her studies, training and work experience
- can describe his/her working environment and operations of a company, products and processes
- can communicate in various business life situations appropriately
- is able to use appropriate vocabulary and phrases when presenting tasks of his/her own field

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student is able to act in a purposeful way in communicating and interacting in working life situations. He/she is able to take into consideration the receiver, the situation and the demands of the field and to communicate in an analytical, understandable and convincing manner.
The student is able and willing to develop his/her skills in the Finnish language and communication as part of his/her professional competence.

Content

Students know how to
-interpret the professional texts in their own field as part of information literacy skills and use their skills in new, different situations (for instance, text analysis and summary)
-write factual, consistent and understandable texts (for instance, small scale studies, reports, essays, professional presentations using source material) and to give references to sources according to given instructions (the basics of research communication)
-use up-to-date tools as support for their own linguistic ability in proof-reading (central contents in correcting language and text)
-act in a professional way in the verbal communication situations in working life, and to prepare for diverse speaking situations in a purposeful way (i.e. with the help of situation analysis and analysis plan)
-express themselves clearly using visual aids and by using language appropriate to the situation
-assess their own communication skills (the language and structure of spoken and written language, factors affecting readability and understandability, the effectiveness of the message)and to give and receive constructive criticism

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students are familiar with the principles of chemical analysis methods and their use in clinical chemistry. Students know the measures of quality management in clinical chemistry and know the principles of using automated analyzers, and the phases of validating the analysis results. Students know the physiological background of examinations in clinical chemistry, their clinical significance and indications for examinations and know how to use their knowledge in clinical biochemistry analyses.

Content

- Basic concepts in clinical chemistry
- Common analytes: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipoproteins, electrolytes and blood gases. Kidney function, liver and cardiovascular disease.
- Principles of laboratory analyses and analytical techniques in clinical chemistry
- Automated analyzers, usage and maintenance
- Handling of specimens for analysis, chemicals and reagents, safety in clinical chemistry laboratory

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Opiskelija osaa edistää turvallista toimintakulttuuria erilaissa toimintaympäristöissä.

Content

Ensiaputarpeen tunnistaminen ja potilaan voinnissa tapahtuneisiin muutoksiin vastaaminen.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students are familiar with the basics of human anatomy and physiology in such a way that they understand the normal functions of the human organism and the aetiology of physiological disturbances and through that, the physiological basis of clinical laboratory examinations.

Content

Cell, tissues, skin, nerve system, heart, blood circulation, endokrinology.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student can apply the basic skills of mathematics and chemistry in clinical laboratory work.

Content

Basic math and chemistry skills in the most common situations of clinical laboratory work.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

- Students are aware of the principles of health care ethics and are committed to behave in accordance with them.
- Students can describe phases of clinical laboratory process.
- Students know how to collect and handle different clinical specimens in careful and safe manner and plan, implement and critically evaluate the specimen collection situations
- Students can describe the principles of patient safety. Students are able to answer for the safety and well-being of the client during the specimen collection.
- Students are aware of the impact of pre-analytical factors on the results of laboratory examinations when guiding clients for specimen collection, when collecting specimen and carrying out POC tests.
- Students are familiar with multi-cultural issues in the client work of social services and health care.
- Students know how to act in line with the principles of good service in client work and in collaboration with other professional groups.
- Students are aware of the quality management procedures of the laboratory and know ways of implementing quality management in clinical laboratory work.
- Students can justify their own work based on evidenced practice

Content

- biomedical laboratory scientist’s professional ethics and ethical principles
- clinical laboratory process and patient in clinical laboratory
- phlebotomy equipments and clinical specimen materials
- Patient’s rights and responsibilities and good patient care
- Patient’s safety; patient and specimen indentification, laboratory information systems and confidentiality agreement
- preanalytical factors and patient guidance to laboratory tests
- operating principle and use of the centrifuge
- safety and quality aspects while collecting and handling the specimen
- patient, phlebotomist and environmental safety factors throughout the laboratory process
- venipuncture and finger stick
- POCtesting and quality management
- aseptics
- ergonomy
- waste management
- how to deal with an anxious patient in laboratory
- evidence based practice throughout the clinical laboratory process

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students know the principles of ECG and spirometry tests, the correct use of instruments and implements and the patient instructions for the preparation of patient examinations. Students can identify the most common findings in patient examinations and are aware of the ethical viewpoints connected with patient examinations.

Content

ECG and spirometry tests

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

The student knows
- how to promote a safe operating culture in various operating environments.
- basic information about the most common viruses and knows virus diagnostics.
- basics of pharyngeal sampling for the detection of the most common pharyngeal pathogens and knows the correct procedures for taking a pharyngeal sample.

Content

- Prevention of infections
- Identification and reporting of security risks
- Viruses as pathogens, virus sampling and virus diagnostics
- Pharyngeal pathogens and pharyngeal sampling

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Objectives
Specimen collection and POC testing (4,0 cr) : The student can collect clinical specimens and knows the appropriate equipment for specimen collection. The student knows the right procedure for specimen handling and storing. Students are familiar with high quality and safe methods of collecting and handling of different clinical specimens. Students know methods of point of care testing and know how to examine a urine sample. The student is aware of the significance of pre-analytic factors to the reliability of the specimen.
Clinical physiology (1,0 cr): Student is able to independently carry out technically high quality ECG registrations.

Content

Students work in laboratory rehearsing collection of clinical specimens, POC testing and ECG registrations following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Materials

Material in e-learning base

Teaching methods

Contact learning
Learning by doing
Independent learnig

International connections

Supervised practice in the learning laboratories

Content scheduling

Specimen collection and POC testing (3,0 cr) :
- blood collecting procedure and products
- finger puncture, POC Testing; glucose and Hb
- venous blood drawing with vacuum and butterfly needle
- urine dipstick test
- blood sample handling and processing
- cap

Further information

All labs are obligatory.
In labs students act as patients to peer students

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

Student
- gets to know his own study group and the university of applied sciences as a working community.
- can tell about Turku University of Applied Sciences and degree programme as a learning environment.
- develops self-direction and independent study skills.
- identify factors that affect the ability to study.
- develop their networking skills.
- develop their professional identity.
- can give and receive feedback

Content

- cooperation skills and working in a group
- student union TUO
- information systems and independent information search necessary for studying
- time management planning, independent study
- special features of the education sector, OPS and HOPS
- student guidance model and support services
- professional opportunities, events and projects
- giving and receiving feedback

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Objectives
Specimen collection and POC testing (4,0 cr) : The student can collect clinical specimens and knows the appropriate equipment for specimen collection. The student knows the right procedure for specimen handling and storing. Students are familiar with high quality and safe methods of collecting and handling of different clinical specimens. Students know methods of point of care testing and know how to examine a urine sample. The student is aware of the significance of pre-analytic factors to the reliability of the specimen.
Clinical physiology (1,0 cr): Student is able to independently carry out technically high quality ECG registrations.

Content

Students work in laboratory rehearsing collection of clinical specimens, POC testing and ECG registrations following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Materials

Material in e-learning base

Teaching methods

Contact learning
Learning by doing
Independent learning

Content scheduling

Specimen collection and POC testing (3,0 cr) :
- blood collecting procedure and products
- finger puncture, POC Testing; glucose and Hb
- venous blood drawing with vacuum and butterfly needle
- urine dipstick test
- blood sample handling and processing
- cap
- gynegological samples

Further information

All labs are obligatory.
In labs students act as patients to peer students

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

The student understands the importance of evidence-based activities and is able to utilize national and international sources of information. The student is able to interpret research using statistical methods.

The student is able to take sustainable development into account in his / her work and activities.

Content

- information retrieval
- source criticism
- source references
- presentation and number of statistics
- reading a scientific article

Ecological, economic, social and cultural aspects of sustainable development in clinical laboratory work and in our own activities.

Evaluation scale

Hyväksytty/Hylätty

Objective

The student understands and knows basic terms related to pathology and cancer, as well as the background mechanisms of cancer. The Student knows the procedures and is able to produce high -quality histological tissue samples. The Student also knows the proper procedures to take high-quality smear and is able to identify normal cells and findings of gynecological smear.

Content

Lectures, independent tasks, labs and student presentations.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student understands the steps of hematopoiesis, knows the basic laboratory tests to determine the function of hematopoiesis and is able to identify mature blood cells by morphology. Student knows the basics of microscopy as well as principles of hematological laboratory diagnostics, quality methods and management.

Content

Blood cell production: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis.

Function of the coagulation system: primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibronolytic system.

Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MGG staining, preparation and evaluation of peripheral blood smear and basic laboratory diagnostics to evaluate the function of the coagulation system.

Microscope image formation and the use of a microscope.

Content scheduling

Student understands the steps of hematopoiesis, knows the basic laboratory tests to determine the function of hematopoiesis and is able to identify mature blood cells by morphology. Student knows the basics of microscopy as well as principles of hematological laboratory diagnostics, quality methods and management.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student understands the principles of the most important molecular biology methods as well as the basics and the most important applications of recombinant DNA technology and knows the importance of the applications in health promotion and the cause of diseases.

Student knows the basic concepts of genetics and is familiar with genetics research methods in clinical applications of genetics. The student knows the expression of DNA and RNA differences, the formation of chromosomes and genetic inheritance as well as the most common types of mutations.

Content

- Recombinant DNA technology
- Isolation of DNA and RNA and factors affecting its isolation
- Hereditary distress factors and underlying factors
- The main methods of gene and chromosome research
- VNTR analysis, deletion, insertion, point mutation (SNP), duplication, chromosome studies, G-lanes, FISH technique, cell culture
- Cancer genetics and research methods

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Clinical chemistry I (4,0 cr): Students are able to, under supervision, use the automated clinical chemistry analyzers applying their knowledge of the general principles of analysis, the function of the equipment and the concepts of clinical chemistry and immunochemistry. Students know how to carry out the daily basic maintenance of the equipment they use and the calibration and quality control according to the examination.
Clinical haematology (3,0 cr): Students can independently prepare a technically high quality blood film and know mature, healthy blood cells. Students know how to work with microscopes independently.
Molecular genetics (2,0 cr): The student gets acquainted with the working methods of molecular genetics and cleanroom work. The student practices precision pipetting work. The student is able to perform pipetting exercises independently.

Content

Students work in clinical chemistry, haematology and molecular genetic laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practice. Students rehearse the use of measuring devices in clinical haematology.

Content scheduling

GENERAL INFO:
Practices will be carried out in teaching laboratories under supervision. You work independently, in pairs or in small groups. We practice how to work in a clinical laboratory environment and apply what we have learned in theory. PARTICIPATION IN THE LABORATORY PRACTICES IS MANDATORY. Absences must always be reported to the teacher and a way to compensate for the absence must be agreed upon.


HEMATOLOGY I:
Blood cell production: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis. Function of the coagulation system: primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibronolytic system.
Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MGG staining, preparation and evaluation of peripheral blood smear and basic laboratory diagnostics to evaluate the function of the coagulation system.
Microscope image formation and the use of a microscope.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY I:
Applications of clinical chemistry methods that were objects of the earlier theoretical studies. Maintenance, calibration and operation of clinical analyzers will be practiced in the laboratory. Sample analysis and review of results are important parts of the curriculum.
Will get acquainted with different quality management documents such as instrument user manuals, assay work instructions and product descriptions given by the device manufacturer. Will practice following instructions and develop careful, responsible and systematic working skills in a highly regulated and standardized environment.


MOLECULAR GENETICS:
content will determine in the fall 2023

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Clinical chemistry II (5,0 cr): Students rehearse using automated analyzers in clinical chemistry and know how to apply their skills in the assessment of biochemical examination results, the errors dependent on the specimen and the reliable function of the analyzers. Students know how to work according to the quality manual and the instructions in place. Students can identify the phases of pre-analytics, analytics and post-analytics in clinical chemistry work.
Clinical haematology II (2,0 cr): Students know immature blood cells and can assess the alterations which are seen in the blood count in connection with blood diseases. Students can identify findings in an aberrant blood film.
Immunohaematology (2,0 cr): Students know how to use the equipment for blood transfusion serology examinations and can, under supervision, carry out basic examinations in blood transfusion serology. Students know how to independently get results for blood type determination analyses.
Pathology (3,0 cr): Students know the handling process of a histological specimen in the laboratory. Students master the tissue embedding technique, the tissue sectioning and the use of a microtome. Students are familiarised with immunohistochemical staining, they can identify the tissue components and know how to carry out histological and cytological staining and make a cytocentrifuge preparate. Students can tell apart benign cell changes from normal findings.

Content

Students work in clinical chemistry, clinical haematology and pathology laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Clinical chemistry I (4,0 cr): Students are able to, under supervision, use the automated clinical chemistry analyzers applying their knowledge of the general principles of analysis, the function of the equipment and the concepts of clinical chemistry and immunochemistry. Students know how to carry out the daily basic maintenance of the equipment they use and the calibration and quality control according to the examination.
Clinical haematology (3,0 cr): Students can independently prepare a technically high quality blood film and know mature, healthy blood cells. Students know how to work with microscopes independently.
Molecular genetics (2,0 cr): The student gets acquainted with the working methods of molecular genetics and cleanroom work. The student practices precision pipetting work. The student is able to perform pipetting exercises independently.

Content

Students work in clinical chemistry, haematology and molecular genetic laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practice. Students rehearse the use of measuring devices in clinical haematology.

Content scheduling

GENERAL INFO:
Practices will be carried out in teaching laboratories under supervision. You work independently, in pairs or in small groups. We practice how to work in a clinical laboratory environment and apply what we have learned in theory. PARTICIPATION IN THE LABORATORY PRACTICES IS MANDATORY. Absences must always be reported to the teacher and a way to compensate for the absence must be agreed upon.


HEMATOLOGY I:
Blood cell production: erythropoiesis, granulocytopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, monocytopoiesis. Function of the coagulation system: primary haemostasis, secondary haemostasis and fibronolytic system.
Laboratory tests: Complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, MGG staining, preparation and evaluation of peripheral blood smear and basic laboratory diagnostics to evaluate the function of the coagulation system.
Microscope image formation and the use of a microscope.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY I:
Applications of clinical chemistry methods that were objects of the earlier theoretical studies. Maintenance, calibration and operation of clinical analyzers will be practiced in the laboratory. Sample analysis and review of results are important parts of the curriculum.
Will get acquainted with different quality management documents such as instrument user manuals, assay work instructions and product descriptions given by the device manufacturer. Will practice following instructions and develop careful, responsible and systematic working skills in a highly regulated and standardized environment.


MOLECULAR GENETICS:
content will determine in the fall 2023

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Clinical chemistry II (5,0 cr): Students rehearse using automated analyzers in clinical chemistry and know how to apply their skills in the assessment of biochemical examination results, the errors dependent on the specimen and the reliable function of the analyzers. Students know how to work according to the quality manual and the instructions in place. Students can identify the phases of pre-analytics, analytics and post-analytics in clinical chemistry work.
Clinical haematology II (2,0 cr): Students know immature blood cells and can assess the alterations which are seen in the blood count in connection with blood diseases. Students can identify findings in an aberrant blood film.
Immunohaematology (2,0 cr): Students know how to use the equipment for blood transfusion serology examinations and can, under supervision, carry out basic examinations in blood transfusion serology. Students know how to independently get results for blood type determination analyses.
Pathology (3,0 cr): Students know the handling process of a histological specimen in the laboratory. Students master the tissue embedding technique, the tissue sectioning and the use of a microtome. Students are familiarised with immunohistochemical staining, they can identify the tissue components and know how to carry out histological and cytological staining and make a cytocentrifuge preparate. Students can tell apart benign cell changes from normal findings.

Content

Students work in clinical chemistry, clinical haematology and pathology laboratories following quality standards and safety laboratory practices.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students are able to, under supervision, to carry out analyses in clinical biochemistry, clinical haematology, histology and cytology and clinical microbiology and patient examinations in clinical physiology and neurophysiology. Students know how to apply the laboratory quality management method applications in their work. Students can independently carry out specimen collection and serve internal and external clients of the laboratory. Students are able to carry out POC testing under supervision. They are capable of critical self-evaluation and recognize the phases of their own professional growth. Students rehearse the basics and methods of health care and clinical laboratory work.

Content

Student practice in different clinical laboratories in the hospitals.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

In the Project studies students can trace the entirety of the laboratory operations process. Students know how to apply the principles of entrepreneurship and sustainable development to the planning, implementation, assessment and development of the clinic practice, and also their own activities. Students know how to act independently, responsible, in a client-centred manner and as members of a team in the clinic practice tasks.

Content

Working in TUAS Lab under teachers’ supervising. Implementing projects in student teams in cooperation with different partners. Student teams (also multiprofessional) are responsible of planning, implementing and evaluating the projects. The active self-reflection of the acquired learning experiences enables the student to become a practitioner in biomedical laboratory science.

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students can draft a viable plan for their Bachelor’s thesis in cooperation with the commissioner.

Content

- writing the thesis plan
- presenting the thesis plan in seminar
- provide constructive feedback to peers (opponent)

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Student can report on the Bachelor’s thesis flawlessly both orally and in writing.
Student can critically oppose a peer student’s thesis
Student is able to give an oral presentation
Students is able to write a matural test concerning thesis subject and pass the matural test

Content

- The report seminar of the Thesis
- Oppose a peer student
- Oral presentation
- Matural test

Evaluation scale

H-5

Objective

Students rehearse the basics and methods of health care and clinical laboratory work.

Content

This course unit is selected from the following parts:
- Clinical Biochemistry, automated analyzers 1-3 cr
- Blood Sampling and POC-testing 1st/2nd term 1-3 cr
- Clinical hematology 3rd/4rd term 2 cr
- Immunohematology 3rd term 2 cr
- Clinical Fysiology ECG, 1st/2nd term 1 cr
- Clinical Microbiology 2nd term 2 cr
- Clinical Pathology 4th term 2 cr
- Molecular Genetics 3rd term 2 cr
- Working in Clinical Laboratory 1, very basic studies 1 cr
- Project Work, presentation 1 cr
- Introduction to Biomedical Laboratory Scientist's Profession in Hospital Laboratory 1 cr

Evaluation scale

H-5